Exterior Orientation Parameters Research Articles

3D Modeling of Façade Elements Using Multi-View Images from Mobile Scanning Systems

There is a growing demand for detailed building façade models (Level-of-Detail 3: LoD 3) in a variety of applications. Despite the increasing number of papers addressing this issue in the literature, occlusions are still a significant problem when processing building façade elements. Conversely, depending on the view angle of the images, the detected elements might not be projected to their accurate locations causing uncertainties in their 3D locations. In this paper, we address the aforementioned issues utilizing multi-view images. Using a building footprint layer, we first locate the points belonging to buildings. We then detect the 2D windows and doors in images by combining Faster R-CNN and Segment Anything (SAM) deep learning models. The 2D borders are projected into the 3D object space using a pinhole camera model and collinearity equations. Utilizing the multi-view capabilities of mobile scanning systems, this method effectively mitigates uncertainties associated with occlusion and exterior orientation parameters (EOP). This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of 3D spatial accuracy, achieving an average of 84% Intersection over Union (IoU) accuracy for 12 different single-sided façades over 750 multi-view images for 312 windows and doors of various sizes with rectangular and curved shapes.

Camera optimal projection model identification and calibration method based on the NGO-BA architecture.

In order to bridge the fundamental commonalities between imaging models of camera lenses with different principles and structures, allowing for an accurate description of imaging characteristics across a wide range of field-of-view (FOV), we have proposed a generic camera calibration method on the basis of the projection model optimization strategy. First, in order to cover the current mainstream projection models, piecewise functions for geometric projection models and a polynomial function for the fitting projection model are designed. Then, the corresponding camera multistation self-calibration bundle adjustment (BA) module is developed for various projection models. Further, by integrating the self-calibration BA algorithm into the northern goshawk optimization architecture, iterative optimization is performed on the projection model adjustment parameters, camera interior parameters, camera exterior parameters, and lens distortion parameters until the target reprojection (RP) error reaches the global minimum. The experimental results indicate that the calibration RP root mean square error in this method is 1/20 pixel for a 68° FOV camera, 1/13 pixel for an 84° FOV camera, 1/9 pixel for a 115° FOV camera, 1/9 pixel for a 135° FOV camera, and 1/6 pixel for a 180° FOV camera. This calibration method offers fast and versatile optimization for various projection model types, encompassing a wide range of projection functions. It can efficiently determine the optimal projection model and all imaging parameters for multiple cameras during the calibration process.

Продуктивные показатели баранчиков породы манычский меринос в зависимости от генотипов гена гормона роста

The article presents the results of genotyping of sheep of the Manych Merino breed. The specificity of the allele spectrum of the GH (growth hormone) gene controlling growth and development, as well as influencing the meat productivity of sheep, was revealed, expressed in different frequency of occurrence of both alleles and genotypes. The connection of allelic variants of the GH gene with growth indicators and exterior parameters has been established.

Associations of CAST, GH gene polymorphism in young sheep with a blood type of ? Charolais + ? Kalmyk kurdyuchnaya with measurements of body articles and indices of physique

To increase the production of meat productivity, it is necessary to improve the genetic resources of sheep. The purpose of this work was to establish the allelic spectrum of the calpastatin (CAST) and somatotropin (GH) genes, and their associations with meat productivity in young animals of mixed stock with a bloodline of ? Charolais + ? Kalmyk chicken and to identify the effects of polymorphism of gene markers on the exterior parameters of young animals. The object of the study is the repair young sheep reared in the farm "Arl" of the Yashkul district of the Republic of Kalmykia. The PCR-PDRF method determined the allelic spectrum of genes: calpastatin (CAST), somatotropin (GH), in young hybrids with a blood type of ? Charolais + ? Kalmyk chicken. The superiority of the CASTM allele (0.78) over the frequency of occurrence of the selectively significant CASTN allele (0.22) was noted in the calpastatin gene in crossbreed livestock. According to the growth hormone gene, molecular genetic analysis showed that the frequency of occurrence of the GHA allele in young mixed sheep was 0.88, and the frequency of occurrence of the selectively significant GHB allele was 0.12. A comparative analysis of the live weight of animals with different genotypes showed that sheep and sheep carriers of heterozygous CASTMN and GHAB genotypes have higher live weight indicators than their peers with homozygous CASTMM and GHAA genotypes. Measurements of articles of exterior and indices of physique depending on genotypes are described, since their use allows breeders to determine the type of constitution, individual characteristics, degree and proportionality of the development of the organism, age variability, condition and ability to a particular productivity.

ESTIMATION OF SENSOR OFFSETS FOR A UAV PLATFORM USING TIEPOINTS ONLY

Abstract. In a UAV system, physical sensor offsets occur between an observation sensor and a GPS/IMU sensor which represents the position of UAV. The difference of angle between the GPS/IMU sensor’s axis and the observation sensor’s axis is referred to as boresight angle. The difference in physical position between the two is referred to as lever-arm. It is important to obtain accurate offset values in order to utilize UAVs in rapid mapping manner. Due to the sensor offsets, misalignment error can be caused when generating a mosaic image. Offset values can be measured by using extensive ground control points. However, this is very costly and time-consuming. In this study, we describe an estimation method for sensor offsets using tie-points and re-weighted least square estimation method. The proposed method consists of 5 steps. Firstly, a frame images for the target area were classified into image strips based on the kappa value of initial EOPs (Exterior Orientation Parameters), after which tie points were extracted between adjacent images. Secondly, strip bundle adjustment was performed to update initial EOPs using images with the same flight direction. Thirdly, tie-points between adjacent strips were extracted. Fourthly, block bundle adjustment was performed in all images, using all extracted tie-points. Finally, a mosaic image is generated using the EOPs value to which the estimated sensor offset is applied. From this study, we confirmed that the sensor offset of the platform could be estimated only with the tie-points extracted between adjacent images. And we confirmed that misalignment was adjusted when generating mosaic image. We expect that our research makes UAV system to be operated more fluently.

Investigation of the spatiotemporal patterns of air quality over the metropolitan area of Tehran, using TROPOMI and OMI data

AbstractAir quality has been one of the main concerns among Tehran residents for at least two decades. In this study, we investigated air quality in the metropolitan area of Tehran utilizing TROPOMI and OMI data based on the Google Earth Engine platform. Long-term analysis indicated slight negative trends in NO2, SO2, and HCHO over the last two decades, which are due to the development of urban transportation systems. Air quality parameters were classified based on spatiotemporal similarities. Urban pollutants include CO1, NO2, and HCHO, which were concentrated over the eastern part of Tehran and decreased radially towards the city border. Among the pollutants, CO1 showed a dependency with altitude. SO2 was controlled by both urban vehicles and nonurban industrial activities. SO2 was thus classified as an urban-industrial pollutant. The exterior parameters almost entirely controlled by external factors include O3, aerosols, and clouds. The spatial variations of the pollutants highly differed from a fraction to several times. All pollutants exhibited seasonality associated with fuel consumption and air conditions. However, the seasonality in the exterior parameters was associated with regional air masses. The Iranian New Year holiday significantly impacts air pollution. NO2, CO1, and SO2 experienced their annual minimum levels during this holiday period. COVID-19–related closures also led to negative trends in NO2, CO1, and SO2 after March 2020. However, the exterior parameters were not affected by these events. The results agreed with in situ measurements. As the final objective, we aimed to support urban management to reduce atmospheric pollution in Tehran.

Principles of self-calibration and visual effects for digital camera distortion

Abstract Producing accurate spatial data with stereo photogrammetric techniques is a challenging task, and the central projection of the space needs to be defined as closely as possible to its real form in each image taken for the relevant production. Interior camera parameters that define the exact imaging geometry of the camera and the exterior orientation parameters that locate and rotate the imaging directions in a coordinate system have to be known accurately for this correct definition. All distortions sourcing from lens and sensor planes and their recording geometry are significant as they are not suitable for detection with manual measurements. It is of vital importance to clearly understand the camera self-calibration concept with respect to the lens and the sensor plane geometry and include every possible distortion source as an unknown parameter in the calibration adjustments as they are all modellable systematic errors. In this study, possible distortion sources and self-calibration adjustments are explained in detail with a recently developed visualization software. The distortion sources investigated in the study are radial, tangential, differential scale, and axial skewing distortion. Thanks to the developed software, image center point, distorted grids, undistorted grids, and principal points were visualized. As a result, the most important element of obtaining accurate and precise photogrammetric productions is the correct definition of the central projection of the space for each image, and therefore, the study explains an accurate and robust procedure with the correct definition and use of correct camera internal parameters.

Growth rate of red fox puppies of Vyatka fire type

Purpose: assessment of the dynamics of the growth of the red fox in the process of its ontogenetic development.Materials and methods. The article describes and analyzes the body weight and linear body measurements of females and males of the red fox of the Ognivka Vyatskaya type in postnatal ontogenesis. The research was carried out in the Vyatka farm (Kirov region). The animals were kept in the same conditions, fed in accordance with age and physiological condition. Linear measurements and weighting were performed at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 months of age. Growth indicators were fox body weight, body length, snout, head and tail, girth and height of the chest, snout width, length and girth of the front and hind legs.Results. As a result of the studies, periods of intensive puppy growth were identified. The maximum increase in body weight and linear measurements is observed from 3 to 4 months of age, when intensive growth and development of the animal organism is observed. Throughout the study, the coefficient of body weight variation (CV) was maximal compared to linear body measurements and ranged from 6% in 3-month-old puppies to 17% in 6-month-old animals, which makes it possible to consider body weight as an individual indicator of puppy development. All linear measurements at all study timelines had a coefficient of variation (CV) below 10% (ranged from 1 to 8%), that is, one can judge the weak degree of variability of the studied features. Also, during all study periods, sexual dimorphism is visible, males significantly exceeded the size and body weight of females in all studied parameters (p < 0.005).Conclusion. The dynamics of the growth and development of red fox puppies of the Ognivka Vyatskaya type were revealed. Age-related changes in the exterior parameters of young red foxes have been studied.

Variability of plastic features of size groups of the american catfish <i>Ameiurus nebulosus</i> (Lesueur, 1819) – alien species in the water bodies of Belarus

A scheme for measuring the plastic features of the brown bullhead, including 28 morphometric characteristics, has been proposed. Based on the cluster analysis of morphometric characteristics, the size groups of species of a model water body were determined (Karpin village pond, Maloritsky district, Brest region).The change in the exterior parameters of the brown bullhead during its ontogenesis has been shown for the first time. It is proposed to divide brown bullhead individuals into 3 size groups for analysis: A – young individuals not involved in reproduction (body length without a caudal fin up to 135.0 mm); B – mature individuals that have started breeding (sizes from 136.0 to 174.0 mm); C – adults, actively breeding individuals (sizes from 175.0 to 187.0 mm).

Exterior features of American miniature horses of the pony farm "Idalgo"

The main task of preserving populations of small breeds of horses imported from abroad with their unique characteristic features of the exterior and type of constitution is the organization of the reproduction of the livestock and the preservation of the exterior parameters of the breed in descendants. In modern conditions of a small number of populations of such breeds, the influence of the inbreeding depression factor increases, as well as the manifestation of recessive mutations and hereditary pathologies in the offspring.[8] On the one hand, this can form changes that are not typical for the breed: phenotype, measurements, body type of the animal's format; on the other hand, such features of breeding horses in the absence of a selection press and selection will lead to the formation of a population of horses of the breed type. Such breed types should be fixed by breed leaders and have a territorial localization; if this does not happen, then the livestock that does not meet the requirements of the breed may lose the status of purebred. [2][6] The study consisted in monitoring the indicators of measurements by generation to identify the dynamics of changes in the format of the horse population and their compliance with the breed standard of American miniature pony horses. The article presents the indicators of the main measurements of American miniature pony horses for a number of generations and carried out their comparative analysis, with the standard requirements of the corresponding measurements of the breed. The analysis showed the following dynamics: in height at the withers, the increase is 46.5%, in the oblique length of the body, the increase is 97.8%, in the distance from the withers to the tail, the increase was 103.5%, which characterizes a more intensive growth of the peripheral skeleton in the postembryonic period and the formation of an elongated format with age . While the angle of the shoulder, wrist and tarsus is less variable in the age aspect and depends on individual hereditary factors, and not on age. A number of recommendations have been developed for specialists of the club "IDALGO" on the selection of parental pairs for correction for compliance with the standard requirements for measuring indicators in offspring.

Numerical Analysis of GNSS Signal Outage Effect on EOPs Solutions Using Tightly Coupled GNSS/IMU Integration: A Simulated Case Study in Sweden.

The absence of a reliable Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal leads to degraded position robustness in standalone receivers. To address this issue, integrating GNSS with inertial measurement units (IMUs) can improve positioning accuracy. This article analyzes the performance of tightly coupled GNSS/IMU integration, specifically the forward Kalman filter and smoothing algorithm, using both single and network GNSS stations and the post-processed kinematic (PPK) method. Additionally, the impact of simulated GNSS signal outage on exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) solutions is investigated. Results demonstrate that the smoothing algorithm enhances positioning uncertainty (RMSE) for north, east, and heading by approximately 17-43% (e.g., it improves north RMSE from 51 mm to a range of 42 mm, representing a 17% improvement). Orientation uncertainty is reduced by about 60% for roll, pitch, and heading. Moreover, the algorithm mitigates the effects of GNSS signal outage, improving position uncertainty by up to 95% and orientation uncertainty by up to 60% using the smoothing algorithm instead of the forward Kalman filter for signal outages up to 180 s.

First and Second-Order Polynomial Transformation for satellite image correction

The absence of ground control points (GCPs) in historical declassified intelligence satellite photography (DISP) images, as well as satellite orbit parameters, and camera interior and exterior orientation parameters, necessitated the creation of a first-order 1st polynomial equation model and a second-order 2nd polynomial equation model for orthorectification purposes. The Mosul region of northwest Iraq was used as a case study, with data from Satellite 7 released on April 15, 1999. The study achieved an RMS of approximately 2.1 x 10−8 and the error ratio was considered acceptable due to the 30-meter resolution of the satellite image.

Характеристика показників продуктивності однорічок коропа несвіцького зонального типу

Purpose. Provide a comprehensive productive and biological characterization of carps of the new selective breeding type, the first generation — Nesvich zonal type in the first year of life. Methodology. The study was conducted in fish farms of the Lviv and Volyn regions of Ukraine. The material for the study were young-of-the-years and age-1 carps of Nesvich zonal type. The main productive and biological parameters were studied during test harvests during the growing season according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The external evaluation of the experimental groups was carried out according to the following parameters: body weight and length, body height, body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. Based on the results of the measurements, the main exterior parameters were analyzed and determined: body length to girth ratio, body length to height ratio, body length to head length ratio. Findings. The study showed that young-of-the-year carps of Nesvich zonal type were characterized by high productive parameters. The average individual weight was 39.3–55.0 g for framed and 42.0–67.9 g for scaled forms. According to winter hardiness, with the survival rates in the range of 80.5 - 84.5%, scaled forms of carp had the weight loss of 8.6 - 10.3% while framed carps had 9.1 - 9.8%. Originality. The results of the study on growing the first selection generation of young-of-the-year and age-1 Nesvich carp, which will be submitted to the approval of this zonal type as an intrabreed type of Ukrainian framed and scaled carp breeds, are provided. Practical value. The results of the analysis of productive and biological parameters will allow providing recommendations on the use of this zonal type as a new type for commercial growing. Key words: carp, scaled and framed form, zonal type, generation, exterior, weight, condition factor.

Аналіз рибницько-біологічних показників дволіток, отриманих від реципрокних схрещувань антонінсько-зозуленецьких та галицьких рамчастих коропів

Purpose. To provide a comprehensive characterization of productive and biological parameters of crossbred age-1 and 1+ carps obtained from the crossbreeding of the Halych and Antonino-Zozulenets intrabreed type of Ukrainian carp breeds in the 2nd year of life and to conduct a comparative analysis with pure parental lines. Methodology. The material for the study were age-1+ individuals of the Antonino-Zozulenets and Halych carps. The main productive and biological parameters were studied during spring and autumn harvests as well as test fishing during the growing season according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The external evaluation of the experimental groups was carried out according to the following parameters: body weight and length, body height, body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. Based on the results of the measurements, the main exterior parameters were analyzed and determined: body length to girth ratio, body length to height ratio, body length to head length ratio. Findings. The study showed that among the reciprocal crossings of Halych and Antonino-Zozulenets carps, age-1+ carps obtained from the crossing of an Antonino-Zozulenets framed female and a Halych framed male were characterized by a higher growth rate. The superiority over the pure line of the Antonina-Zozulenets carp was 21.4% and the Halych carp — 14.1%. At the same time, the daily growth rates during the growing season were in the range of 1.31 - 4.16 g. The survival rate in crossbred age-1+ carps from crossing ♀AZFC x ♂HFC was 90%, ♀ HFC x ♂ AZFC - 94%, pure lines of the Halych carp 85%, Antonino-Zozulenets — 92%. Based on the average values of individual body weight and survival rate, the fish productivity was in the range of 481.8 - 681.3 kg/ha. Originality. For the first time in the conditions of Ukraine, a comparative analysis of productive and biological parameters of reciprocal offspring of the Halych and Antonino-Zozulenet carps in the second year of life was carried out in comparison with pure lines. Practical value. The results of the analysis of productive and biological parameters will allow providing recommendations on the use of these hybrids as new promising lines for commercial cultivation in the Polissia zone of Ukraine. Key words: carp, selective breeding, inbred type, generation, exterior, weight, condition factor.

Camera-Aided Orientation of Mobile Lidar Point Clouds Acquired from an Uncrewed Water Vehicle

This article presents a system for recording 3D point clouds of riverbanks with a mobile lidar mounted on an uncrewed water vehicle. The focus is on the orientation of the platform and the lidar sensor. Rivers are areas where the conditions for highly accurate GNSS can be sub-optimal due to multipath effects from the water and shadowing effects by bridges, steep valleys, trees, or other objects at the riverbanks. Furthermore, a small measurement platform may have an effect on the accuracy of orientations measured by an IMU; for instance, caused by electromagnetic fields emitted by the boat rotors, the lidar, and other hardware decreasing IMU accuracy. As an alternative, we use exterior orientation parameters obtained by photogrammetric methods from the images of a camera on the boat capturing the riverbanks in time-lapse mode. Using control points and tie points on the riverbanks enables georeferenced position and orientation determination from the image data, which can then be used to transform the lidar data into a global coordinate system. The main influences on the accuracy of the camera orientations are the distance to the riverbanks, the size of the banks, and the amount of vegetation on them. Moreover, the quality of the camera orientation-based lidar point cloud also depends on the time synchronization of camera and lidar. The paper describes the data processing steps for the geometric lidar–camera integration and delivers a validation of the accuracy potential. For quality assessment of a point cloud acquired with the described method, a comparison with terrestrial laser scanning has been carried out.

Extracting cow point clouds from multi-view RGB images with an improved YOLACT++ instance segmentation

Obtaining shape features from a farm environment is the basis for animal size measurement, body condition scoring, weight prediction, and individual identification. To improve the robustness of point cloud segmentation and fully utilize 2D (Two dimension) and 3D (Three dimension) information for segmenting animal shape data, a novel pixel-level segmentation method of cow point clouds was proposed by fusing real images with high resolution and point clouds. First, the 3D point clouds of cows were generated from the multi-view images by using the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm, and the corresponding relationship between the point clouds and the real image was established by the camera interior and exterior parameters. Second, for 2D image segmentation, the improved, single-stage instance segmentation algorithm YOLACT++ (You Only Look At CoefficienTs) was applied to improve the segmentation accuracy of cow body regions, and the average precision of multi-view images was 85.9%. Last, in point cloud segmentation, the image segmentation results of the cows were mapped to 3D point clouds by the correspondence between point clouds and images, and the visual points of different viewpoints were fused to obtain the 3D point cloud of the target cow. The average relative error of truncated areas between the proposed method and manual segmentation of the point cloud was 2.18%, and the change in the truncated area caused by the increase in images was less than 5% with the appropriate number of images (20–40). The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in 3D point cloud segmentation of cows and its potential application in animal shape acquisition.

Характеристика першого селекційного покоління антонінсько-зозуленецького внутрішньопородного типу українських порід коропа на 4 та 5 роках життя

Purpose. To provide a comprehensive characterization of the first selective breeding generation of the Antoninsko-Zozulenets intrabreed type of Ukrainian carp breeds in the 4th and 5th years of life based on productive and biological parameters. Methodology. The material for the study were age-3+ and 4+ individuals of the Antoninsko-Zozulenets intrabreed type of carp. The main productive and biological parameters were studied during spring valuation and autumn harvest according to generally accepted methods in fish farming. The exterior assessment of the experimental groups was carried out for following parameters: weight, length, height and body girth. Measurements were made with a centimeter tape with an accuracy of 1 mm. Individual weighing was carried out on electronic commercial scales with an accuracy of 1 g. The main exterior indices were analyzed and determined based on the measurement results: girth index, body length to height ratio, head length to body length ratio. Findings. The conducted study showed that the yield from wintering was in the range of 91.31–92.25% for age-3, and 90.68–91.78% for age-4 fish. At the same time, weight loss was 6.43–7.65% in the third year of life and 5.74–7.46% in the fourth year of life. The survival rate of age-3+ fish was 95.3 - 96.6%, age-4+ 95.9 - 97.2%. The average weight of age-3+ framed and scaled carps was 3835.0±77.27 g and 3740.0±120.50 g, respectively. The weight gain during the season was 2.0 kg in scaled and 2.1 kg in framed carps. The average individual body weight of age-4+ fish was on average 5060.0±110.54 g for framed individuals and 4900.0±117.26 g for scaled ones. The weight gain of scaled Antoninsko-Zozulenets carp was 1.8 kg, framed carp - 1.9 kg. According to exterior parameters, age-3+ and age-4+ fish had higher values of the body length to height and condition factor, but were inferior in terms of the head length to body length ratio compared to their peers with the scaled cover. Originality. For the first time in the conditions of Ukraine, a comparative analysis of fish productive and biological parameters of the replacement brood stock of the first selective breeding generation of the Antoninsko-Zozulenets intrabreed type of the Ukrainian framed and scaled carp breed was carried out. Practical value. The use of brood fish of a new intrabreed type with defined features of the genotype will allow obtaining new promising lines for industrial cultivation at different levels of intensification of aquaculture and in different climatic zones as well as hybrids between geographically isolated populations. Key words: carp, selective breeding, intrabreed type, generation, exterior, weight, condition factor.

3-D soot temperature and volume fraction reconstruction of afterburner flame via deep learning algorithms

3-D soot temperature and volume fraction reconstruction of afterburner flame has been based on spectrally resolved measurement methods and inverse problem theory. So far, the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) has been widely used in solving inverse problems to realize real-time reconstruction. However, the convolution and pooling operation can cause erroneous accumulation when dealing with high precision and high mesh density 3-D reconstruction applications. To address this problem, the autoencoder long-short-term-memory (LSTM) neural network and the synthetic dataset considering the interior and exterior parameters of camera are adopted to realize rapid, accurate, and simultaneous reconstructions of the soot temperature and volume fraction of afterburner flame. This method, named StfNet-3D by the authors, is investigated regarding its reconstruction accuracy, noise immunity, and computational costs by comparing that with the CNN, LSTM, and traditional 3-D reconstruction method (3D TVR) through simulations and real-time experiments.

All-parameter calibration method of the on-orbit multi-view dynamic photogrammetry system.

Photogrammetry (PG) can present accurate data to evaluate the functional performance of large space structures. For camera calibration and orientation, the On-orbit Multi-view Dynamic Photogrammetry System (OMDPS) lacks appropriate spatial reference data. A multi-data fusion calibration method for all parameters for this kind of system is proposed in this paper as a solution to this issue. Firstly, a multi-camera relative position model is developed to solve the reference camera position unconstrained problem in the full-parameter calibration model of the OMDPS in accordance with the imaging model of stars and scale bar targets. Subsequently, the problem of adjustment failure and inaccurate adjustment in the multi-data fusion bundle adjustment is solved using the two-norm matrix and the weight matrix to adjust the Jacobian matrix with respect to all system parameters (e.g., camera interior parameters (CIP), camera exterior parameters (CEP), and lens distortion parameters (LDP)). Finally, all system parameters can be optimized simultaneously using this algorithm. In the actual data ground-based experiment, 333 spatial targets are measured using the V-star System (VS) and OMDPS. Taking the measurement of VS as the true value, the measurement results of OMDPS indicated that the in-plane Z-direction target coordinates root-mean-square error (RMSE) is less than 0.0538 mm and the Z-direction RMSE is less than 0.0428 mm. Out-of-plane Y-direction RMSE is less than 0.1514 mm. The application potential of the PG system for on-orbit measurement tasks is demonstrated through the actual data ground-based experiment.

Application of mobile systems with various software products to measuring animal exterior parameters

Relevance. Currently, contactless remote measurements of the parameters of the exterior of animals are of considerable interest in the field of breeding and genetics of cattle. They can reduce the risk of dangerous reactions of animals to stress and significantly reduce the time needed to get measurements. We offer a way to obtain information about the size of an animal in real time by obtaining an image using the Structure Sensor 3D depth sensor.Methods. Scientific experimental studies were conducted in 2018–2022 on Black-and-White cows in breeding enterprises of the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). The volume of the sample population of animals was about 2000 cows. The animals were evaluated from the 90th to the 150th day of lactation. We have selected the following measurements: height at the withers, chest depth, chest width, hips width, straight length of the hip area, straight length of the trunk, circumference of the cannon bone, length of the rump bone, depth in the lower back, width. These parameters most accurately characterize the dimensions (frame) and hip area of the animal.Results. The analysis of the obtained results indicates the validity of using the Structure Sensor 3D depth sensor as a priority method for obtaining animal measurements. A comparative analysis of contactless methods for obtaining measurements of cows shows that in approximately the same time, it is possible to obtain numerical values of up to 10 exterior parameters. Calibration is performed easily and quickly within 10–15 minutes. The use of the Structure Sensor 3D depth sensor eliminates inaccuracies of obtaining a silhouette, that arise due to the continuous movement of animals, and does not require the creation of a new technique for obtaining measurements of the body of animals that differ in age, size and live weight. Using Structure Sensor 3D, examples were obtained with an accuracy of 1 mm without causing stress in animals.